How to Calculate Power Plant Emissions - a simplified procedure in a spreadsheet

How to Calculate Power Plant Emissions – a simplified procedure in a spreadsheet

July 1st, 2009 Posted in environmental impacts, power plant emissions

PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING POWER PLANT EMISSIONS

By: Marcial T. Ocampo

September 16, 2009

Basic steps:

1) Input natural gas (fuel) analysis: % volume (same as % mol), molecular weights:

e.g. H2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8 … CO2, S, O2, N2, H2O moisture, ash.

2) Convert % volume to ultimate analysis % mass or weight (%C, %H2, % S, % O2, %N2, %H2O moisture, ash)

3) From the combustion equations;

C + O2 = CO2

S + O2 = S02

H2 + 1/2 O2 = H20

calculate the stoichiometric O2 in mols and lbs and that of N2 from air analysis.

4) Using the excess %O2 wet basis measurement in the flue gas, the level of excess air ratio is computed. Use this excess air ratio to compute actual excess mass of O2 and N2 to compute the total flue gas (fuel + air).

5) Convert the mass to mols using their molecular weights and convert to % volume. The computed %O2 must tally with the measured %O2 wet basis.

6) Compute dry flue gas (total flue gas – H2O moisture) and calculate %O2 dry basis.

7) Input the generator output MWe (gross), fuel firing rate (m3/s), fuel density (kg/m3), fuel lower heating value (LHV in kJ/kg). Compute firing rate in kg/s, gross heat rate of power plant in kJ/kWh and thermal efficiency in % LHV basis.

8) Using 100 lbs of fuel as basis, convert the mass of each flue gas component into kg/s and kg/MWh.

9) Input the emission measurements in mg/Nm3 and kg/h of CO, NO2, SO2 and dust. Convert to kg/s and kg/MWh.

10) Due to partial combustion to CO and formation of NO2, the previous results for CO2, O2 and N2 has to be corrected for C, O and N that should have gone to CO2, O2 and N2 had there been complete combustion to CO2 and no dissociation of O2 and N2:

C + 1/2 O2 = CO

1/2 N2 + O2 = NO2

11) After correcting the kg/MWh of CO2, O2 and N2, we will have finally the corrected flue gas composition consisting of CO2, CO, NO2, SO2, O2, N2, H2O and dust. Using their molecular weights, the kg/MWh is converted to mol/MWh and % mol or % volume. Compute the resulting analysis in wet basis and % O2 measured dry basis.

12) Finally, correct the measured mg/Nm3 or ppmv to 6% O2 reference from the %O2 measured dry basis.

(X, O2 ref) = (X, meas) * (21 – O2 ref) / (21 – O2 meas)

where: X = CO, NO2, SO2, dust, etc.

The relationship between mg/Nm3 and ppmv (ppm volume) is defined by the molecular weight of the component X and the standard molal gas volume of 0.022413 m3/mol:

(mg/Nm3 of X) = (ppmv of X) / 1000 x (M.W. of X) / (0.022413 m3/mol)

or (ppmv of X) = (mg/Nm3 of X) * 1000 * (0.022413 m3/mol) / (M.W. of X)

where: ppmv = parts per million (volume)

1000 = (1,000,000 / million) / (1,000 mg/g)

M.W. of X = molecular weight of X, g/mol

Nm3 = normal cubic meter (at STP – 0 deg C, 1 atm)

13) The corrected emissions at 6% O2 is then compared with the Clean Air Act standards and with other world standards for comparison. It can also be compared with the supplier/contractor’s guaranteed emission performance.

14) Compute the year-to-date or annual power generation in MWh and multiply with the average emission in kg/MWh of CO2, CO, NO2, SO2 and particulates (dust). Convert the annual emissions to metric tons per year. Compare with allowable emission levels for the particular area.

I would like to invite you and your company to continue supporting this blog thru the DONATE button. You may order my power generation technology articles and project finance models thru the ENERGY DATA page. Thanks!

Marcial T. Ocampo

(Friendly note: All content written by Engr. Marcial T. Ocampo are copyrighted and may not be redistributed in any way or form.)

A) SELECT TYPE OF FUEL TO DEFINE ITS WEIGHT ANALYSIS (% C, %H, %S, % N, %O, % H2O, % Ash)

B) CALCULATE THEORETICAL OXYGEN REQUIREMENT (no excess air)

C) CALCULATE FLUE GAS ANALYSIS USING ASSUMED EXCESS AIR RATIO (OR CALCULATE FROM MEASURED EXCESS O2 – this requires stoichiometric calculations using fuel analysis, molecular weights and ambient air analysis)

D) CONVERT PPMV TO MG PER Nm3 USING MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND STANDARD MOLAL VOLUME OF GAS AT STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (1 ATM, 0 DEG CELSIUS)

A spreadsheet for calculating solid fuel, liquid fuel and gaseous fuels power plant emission has been prepared and my be obtained thru the ENERGY DATA page of this website. It includes the following basic steps:

A) SELECT TYPE OF FUEL

Select type of fuel by entering 1
	as received
Coal	1	0	0	0	0	0
Carbon	26.10	32.41	37.47	41.51	44.74	47.33
Hydrogen	1.80	2.24	2.58	2.86	3.09	3.26
Sulfur	0.65	0.81	0.94	1.04	1.12	1.19
NOX	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
CO	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Oxygen	11.25	13.97	16.15	17.89	19.29	20.40
Nitrogen	0.23	0.29	0.33	0.37	0.39	0.42
Water Vapor	54.75	43.80	35.04	28.03	22.42	17.94
Ash	5.22	6.48	7.49	8.30	8.95	9.47
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Btu / lb	4794	5966	6903	7653	8253	8733

B) CALCULATE THEORETICAL OXYGEN REQUIREMENT (no excess air)

	From % wt		Table 2 – Calculation of Combustion Products and Theoretical Oxygen Requirements – Molar Basis (Babcock & Wilcox, p. 9-4)
			Molecular	Analysis	Moles per	Analysis	Gross HV	Net HV	Combustion	Molecular	Oxygen	Theoritical Air, lb/100 lb fuel			Flue Gas
No.	Substance	Formula	Weight	% wt	100 lb fuel	% vol	btu/lb	btu/lb	Products	Weight	Required	O2 (moles)	N2a	Air	lb/100 lb
1	Carbon	C	12.0110	26.10	2.1730	33.51	14093	14093	CO2	44.0098	1.00	2.1730			95.634
2	Hydrogen	H2	2.0159	1.80	0.8929	13.77	61095	51625	H2O	18.0153	0.50	0.4465			16.086
29	Sulfur	S	32.0660	0.65	0.0204	0.31	3980	3980	SO2	64.0648	1.00	0.0204			1.307
	NOX	NO2	46.0055	0.00	0.0000	0.00			NO2	46.0055	1.00	0.0000
	CO	CO	28.0104	0.00	0.0000	0.00	4347	4347	CO	28.0104	-0.50	0.0000
3	Oxygen	O2	31.9988	11.25	0.3516	5.42			O2	31.9988	-1.00	-0.3516			14.644
4	Nitrogen	N2	28.0134	0.23	0.0082	0.13			N2 (fuel)	28.0134	0.00				0.230
32	Water Vapor	H20	18.0153	54.75	3.0389	46.86			H2O	18.0153	0.00				54.746
	Ash			5.22					N2 (air)	28.1610		2.2883			291.782
	TOTAL		15.4203	100.00	6.4850	100.00	4804	4634				73.2225	243.1513	316.3738	474.429
				GIVEN			4,000	4634				23.14%	76.86%	100.00%	1.200
												31.9988	28.1610	28.9660
											per lb fuel	0.732	2.432	3.164

D) CONVERT PPMV TO MG PER Nm3 USING MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND STANDARD MOLAL VOLUME OF GAS AT STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (1 ATM, 0 DEG CELSIUS)

				As Measured		6	Reference	DENR
Flug Gas	lb mole/	% vol	% vol	ppm V	mg / Nm3	ppm V	mg / Nm3	mg / Nm3
Emission vs DENR	100 lb	(WET)	(DRY)	(DRY)	(DRY)	(DRY)	(DRY)	(DRY)
CO2	2.173	12.81842	16.68917
H2O	0.893	5.26721
SO2 (COMPUTED)	0.020	0.12034	0.15668	245	700	210	601	700
NO2 (MEASURED)	0.000	0.00000	0.00000	487	1,000	418	858	1000
CO (MEASURED)				400	500	343	429	500
O2	0.458	2.69969	3.51491
N2 (fuel)	0.008	0.04843	0.06306
H2O	3.039	17.92599
N2 (air)	10.361	61.11992	79.57619
wet gas	16.952	100.00000	100.00000	84.38%
dry gas	13.020			% Sulfur Removal




	ppmv = (% vol / 100) * 10^6 = % vol * 10^4

	X, O2 ref = X * (21 – O2 ref) / (21 – O2 meas) where O2 ref = 6%

	ppmv X = (mg/Nm3 X) * 10^3 * (0.0224 m3/mol) / (MW X)

	mg/Nm3 X = (ppmv X) / 10^3 * (MW X) / (0.0224 m3/mol)

Tags: environmental impacts, pollution emissions, power generation, power generation technologies, power generation technology, power plant, power plant design, power plant emissions

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74 Responses to “How to Calculate Power Plant Emissions – a simplified procedure in a spreadsheet”

Srikanth Says:

July 15th, 2009 at 2:42 pm

Hi Marcial

Can i use this content in my blog with a link to your blog?

Please advice.

Thanks,
Best regards
Srikanth
admin Says:

July 15th, 2009 at 3:19 pm

Hi Srikanth,

Thanks for your interest. Please use content with a link to my blog as requested.

Hope your readers find it useful. If they would like to get the MS Excel model, I would be happy to do so. But ask them first to email me for details.

Best Regards,

Marcial
Amuneke N.I Says:

July 23rd, 2009 at 9:32 pm

Please Marcial can you give me the emission content (CO, NOx, SOx) of a gas fired combined cycle power plants of 900MW and 1350MW.

Awaiting your early reply

Best regards

Amuneke
admin Says:

July 24th, 2009 at 1:05 am

Hi Amuneke

Thanks for your inquiry. Fortunately, only SOx as SO2 may be predicted stoichiometrically from the ultimate analysis of the natural gas fuel. This involves converting the % volume analysis of the gas fuel into % mass analysis using the molecular weights of each gaseous components in order to have %C, %H, %S, %O, %N, %H2O moisture and % ash. Using excess air firing levels of around 200-300% (typical is 240% excess air relative to stoichiometric requirement) for simple and combined cycle gas turbine power plants, the resulting flue gas composition is then calculated as % volume wet (with H2O) and as % volume dry (excluding H2O). Since there is no flue gas treatment (i.e. limestone addition as in coal, flue gas desulfurization), the untreated gas composition is also the final gas composition.

Malampaya natural gas composition:

Carbon C 70.622
Hydrogen H2 21.805
Sulfur S 0.002
Oxygen O2 6.525
Nitrogen N2 1.047
Water Vapor 0.000
Ash 0.000
TOTAL 100.000

Excess O2 measured in flue gas = 14.37% volume dry
Equivalent excess air relative to stoichiometric requirement = 197% excess air = 1 + 1.97 = 2.97 times the theoretical O2 requirement

Resulting dry flue gas composition given the above ultimate fuel analysis of 0.002%wt Sulfur and 197% excess air firing:

CO2 3.87%vol dry
H2O (from H2) -
SO2 (COMPUTED) 0.000035% vol dry (0.35 ppm vol dry)
NO2 (MEASURED) 23.71 ppm vol dry = measured, not predicted from fuel analysis because it is a dissociation reaction at high temperature (kinetic equation)
CO (MEASURED) 0.16 ppm vol dry = measured, not predicted from fuel analysis because it is a result of partial combustion (kinetic equation)
O2 14.37% vol dry
N2 (fuel) 0.025% vol dry
H2O (from moisture) -
N2 (air) 81.74% vol dry
Total 100.00% vol dry

Given the molecular weights of each flue gas component and the standard molal volume of 0.0224 m3/gram-mol, the resulting milli-gram per normal cubic meter are
calculated for each component X as follow:

ppmv = (% vol / 100) * 10^6 = % vol * 10^4

X, O2 ref = X * (21 – O2 ref) / (21 – O2 meas) where O2 ref = 6%

ppmv X = (mg/Nm3 X) * 10^3 * (0.0224 m3/mol) / (MW X)

mg/Nm3 X = (ppmv X) / 10^3 * (MW X) / (0.0224 m3/mol)

The results are as follows:

mg SO2/Nm3 = (0.35) / 10^3 X (64.00) / 0.0224 = 1.00 mg/Nm3
mg NO2/Nm3 = (23.71) / 10^3 x (46.00) / 0.0224 = 48.70 mg/Nm3
mg CO/Nm3 = (0.16) / 10^3 x (28.00) / 0.0224 = 0.20 mg/Nm3
mg dust/Nm3 = 0.29 (measured particulates, has no molecular weight since it is not a pure compound)

Finally, we have to translate the results to standard 6% O2 concentration (to avoid dilution effects, since we are comparing technologies):

mg SO2/Nm3 at 6% O2 = 1.00 x (21 – 6) / (21 – 14.37) = 2.26 mg/Nm3
mg NO2/Nm3 at 6% O2 = 48.70 x (21 – 6) / (21 – 14.37) = 110.17 mg/Nm3
mg CO/Nm3 at 6% O2 = 0.20 x (21 – 6) / (21 – 14.37) = 0.45 mg/Nm3
mg DUST/Nm3 at 6% O2 = 0.29 x (21 – 6) / (21 – 14.37) = 0.66 mg/Nm3

I hope my example above did enlighten you. If you need the actual spreadsheet, please email me for arrangements. But I am afraid, this will be a a reasonable cost to you for this on-line consultancy. I hope the minimal consultancy cost will not be a hindrance to you. Thanks very much. Marcial

email : mars_ocampo@yahoo.com or energydataexpert@gmail.com
Naveed Anjum Says:

August 26th, 2009 at 5:21 pm

Dear Marcial

Could you please tell me how i can convert the emissions of gases (CO, SOx and NOx) from ppm to mg/NM3cement industry
e.g. i have concentration of gases
5052ppm of CO and in mg/NM3 = ?
3567 ppm of NOx and in mg/NM3 = ?
2500 ppm of SOx and in mg/NM3 = ?
waiting for your response urgent…..

thanks in advance

Naveed Anjum
anjum@ciit.net.pk
admin Says:

August 28th, 2009 at 12:38 am

Dear Naveed (mr. or ms. ??):

Please find below the general formula for converting from ppm by volume to mg/Nm3 and vice versa:

step 1: compute ppmv (parts per million by volume) from % volume x 10^6 as shown below

ppmv = (% volume) x 10^6 / 10^2 = (% volume) x 10^4

step 2: compute the ppmv at the reference 6% oxygen concentration by volume given the actual oxygen measured (dry basis)

ppmv (at 6% O2) = ppmv x (21 – 6% reference) / (21 – %O2 measured)

step 3: Given the molecular weight of the pollutant (g/gmol) and the molal volume of gas at standard pressure (1 atm) and standard temperature (0 deg celsius) or STP of 0.0224 m3/mol, calculate the mg/Nm3 as shown below

mg/Nm3 = ppmv (at 6% O2) / 10^3 x 0.0224 / MW

Hope you find my formulas useful.

Cheers and my best regards,

Marcial
Rachel Says:

October 29th, 2009 at 10:25 pm

Hello,

Great blog!

I need help converting waste incineration emissions from mg/Nm3 to kg/tonne waste.

for example if the total waste in a year incinerated is 185000 tonnes and SO2 is emitted at 15.75mg/Nm3 and the plant is in operation for 7018 hours a year what is SO2 in kg/t?

Thanks in advance and keep up the good work!
admin Says:

October 29th, 2009 at 11:48 pm

Hi Rachel,

Thanks for your encouraging comment. I am looking into your request.

Just give me a little time and I’ll get back to you via email.

Thanks and regards to your work.

By the way, I am a M.S. Combustion & Energy graduate from the University of Leeds under the auspices of the British Council which offered Masteral and Doctoral programs in Engineering and Energy then. (My professor was Dr. Bradley. Hope he is still alive.)

Hope Leeds gives Manchester United a good fight in football always!

I need to know your flue gas excess Oxygen Content (% O2) or alternatively how much % excess Oxygen / excess air relative to stoichiometric air are you firing the boiler/furnace?

I need this information in order to get a material balance between the fuel (do you have fuel ultimate analysis – %C, %H, %S, %O, %N, %moisture, % ash by weight?

Do you have also flue gas analysis (% CO2, % SO2, % N2, %O2, %H2O (moisture))?

If none, I will make my own reasonable assumption as to fuel ultimate analysis and excess oxygen firing or % O2 in flue gas, in order to complete the material balance.

I’ll email you my response as soon as possible.

Cheers to my friends and admirers from UK!

Marcial T. Ocampo

Energy Technology & Pricing Expert
Business Development Consultant
How to Calculate Power Plant Emissions - a simple procedure in a spreadsheet (download) | Intelligent Utility Says:

November 25th, 2009 at 8:31 am

[...] http://energytechnologyexpert.com/environmental-impacts/how-to-calculate-power-plant-emissions-a-sim... [...]
yasha Says:

December 29th, 2009 at 1:22 pm

hi admin
Please Mircial can you give me the emission content(CO,NOx,SOx,Co2)of a gas fuel dg(chp) and also liquid fuel dg(chp) 10 MW?
Can i ask you Please to send me ms excel model to calculate other problems??
tnx.
Awaiting your early reply
yasha Says:

December 29th, 2009 at 3:36 pm

hi admin
Please Mircial can you give me the emission content(CO,NOx,SOx,Co2)of a gas fuel dg(chp) and also liquid fuel dg(chp) 10 MW?
Can i ask you Please to send me ms excel model to calculate other problems??
tnx.
Awaiting your early reply
admin Says:

December 29th, 2009 at 10:50 pm

Hi Sir/Mam (?)

You may have to be more specific about the type of fuel (diesel or gasoil, bunker or fuel oil, natural gas) and type of power generation technology (diesel, cogen or CHP, oil thermal, gas thermal, simple cycle GT or combined cycle GT). Please provide fuel analysis (% C, % S, % H, % O, % N, % moisture, % ash, etc), density (kg/liter) and excess air firing ratio (% excess air relative to theoretical or stoichiometric air, or % O2 dry basis in the flue gas). I need the information to be able to conduct a material balance. Unfortunately, the service does not come free anymore. You may need to provide budget for the man-hours I would spend in solving your problem and providing you my proprietary spreadsheet model. Kindly email me at : mars_ocampo@yahoo.com or energydataexpert@gmail.com

Regards,

Marcial
THE CASE AGAINST OIL DEREGULATION – Marcial Ocampo’s comment #1 | Intelligent Utility Says:

January 12th, 2010 at 11:14 am

[...] http://energytechnologyexpert.com/environmental-impacts/how-to-calculate-power-plant-emissions-a-sim... [...]
jef Says:

January 23rd, 2010 at 10:00 pm

good day!

I am conducting a research paper regarding fuels, may I request to give a details on the compound or molecular formula present in the bunker oil no.6.
your reply is much appreciated.
thanks.
Neil Says:

March 29th, 2010 at 8:05 pm

Hi Sir,

I would just like to ask at what reference conditions the NESSAP standards of DENR is given. I am particularly concerned with the percent excess O2 used since it is not defined under DAO 93-14. I hope you could help me with this.

Many Thanks!

Neil
homemade electrical generator Says:

April 9th, 2010 at 2:40 am

Seems like such a basic idea for renewable energy but it takes a community to discuss the particulars, thanks, excellent read, ive added a bookmark for your blog.
Mohammad Arshad Says:

July 7th, 2010 at 4:11 pm

what is the molecular weight of NO? If the calibration gas is NO in PPMv then how can we convert to mg/Nm3, what emission factor to use to get NOx results in mg/Nm3

Thank you

Qatar
manish Says:

August 9th, 2010 at 6:48 pm

hi,
can you help me in converting the quantity from mg/Nm3 to kg/hr….just give me the detail explanation also….e.g 4oo mg/Nm3=…..kg/hr?….do post the reply as soon as possible?
leciram Says:

August 12th, 2010 at 4:31 pm

is der a standard value for computing carbon emissions of power plants in the phil.?for example multiplying the country’s total installed capacity in Megawatts to a standard value to get estimate carbon emission?

thanks
admin Says:

August 12th, 2010 at 9:20 pm

Hi,

You need to know the generation from each power generation technology, the efficiency (fuel to gross generation), the fuel heating value, the %C in the fuel, and molecular weights of CO2 and C.

Here is the formula for bunker (fuel oil) emission:

kg CO2/year = (kWh/year gross generation) x [(3600/1.05506 Btu/kWh) / % thermal efficiency] x (lb oil / 18,600 Btu) x (kg / 2.2046 lb) x (% C in fuel oil) x (mw CO2 / mw C)

where mwCO2 = 44, mw C = 12, % C = 85% carbon by weight, GHV = 18,600 Btu/lb fuel oil, % thermal efficiency = 33% for oil thermal power plant, (kWh/year) = annual gross generation = (Rated Capacity, MW) x (8,760 hours/year) x (% capacity factor)

Pls do this for the other fossil power generation technologies such as oil diesel, coal thermal, natural gas CCGT, etc.

Regards,

Marcial
manish jha Says:

August 13th, 2010 at 3:03 pm

hi….marcial….can u tell me how to convert mg/Nm3 into Kg/hr…i have asked earlier also but there is no response frm your side…plz do reply…like 400 mg/Nm3 is equal to how much in Kg/hr.?
admin Says:

August 13th, 2010 at 5:47 pm

Hi,

To convert from mg/Nm3, you need to know the following using the formula below:

kg/hr = (400 mg/Nm3) x (g/1000 mg) x (kg/1000 g) x (gas flowrate, Nm3/hr)

Regards,

Marcial
Neeraj Kumar Says:

August 19th, 2010 at 7:53 pm

How we calculate specific heat of natural gas for a given composition.
admin Says:

August 21st, 2010 at 12:39 am

To calculate the specific heat of natural gas, you need to know the % volume (also % mol) or the % wt (also % mass) then calculate as follows:

specific heat (Btu/lb-mol-deg F) = sum (% mol x Cp in Btu/lb-mol-deg F)

specific heat (Btu/lb-deg F) = sum (% wt x Cp in Btu/lb-deg F)

Regards,

Marcial
Jandia Says:

September 10th, 2010 at 1:56 am

Erzähl doch bitte nochmal ein bisschen ausführlicher. Würde sehr gerne viel mehr über das ganze wissen.
Compras Ciudad de Panama Says:

September 23rd, 2010 at 8:09 am

http://energytechnologyexpert.com/environmental-impacts/how-to-calculate-power-plant-emissions-a-simplified-procedure-in-a-spreadsheet/ is great! you have many fans in my country.
Jean Says:

November 5th, 2010 at 1:44 am

HELP!

I need to calculate the co2 emissions from a peat burning power plant with a thermal input of 299 Mw and an electrical output of 118 MW. The plant operates at 38% efficiency for 300 days a year. It burns between 1 and 1.2 million tonnes of peat per annum.

Any help at all is appreciated

Kindest regards,
Jean O’Dwyer
romeo Says:

November 11th, 2010 at 8:01 am

hi! could you plz send a spreadsheet to my email for this calc?

romeo
Mohammed Says:

January 20th, 2011 at 3:18 am

Dear Marcial
Thanks you for thisready calculation. Please are you can tell me the complete calculation for the emission gases of S02,NO and CO from stack of power plnt which it is used fuel as heavy fuel oil 1800 m3/day stac height 50m dia 2m.

Thank you
with best regards
Mohammed
Mohammed Says:

January 20th, 2011 at 3:21 am

Dear Marcial
Thanks for your work.
Mohammed Says:

January 20th, 2011 at 3:26 am

I want full calculation for emission of gases of SO2,NO,CO
from stack , It is used 1800m3/day of heavy fuel oil, tall stack 50 m,dia 2m
JL Says:

January 29th, 2011 at 7:31 am

Marcial,

“Hope your readers find it useful. If they would like to get the MS Excel model, I would be happy to do so. But ask them first to email me for details.”

Any chance we could have a copy of the MS Excel model please?

Best regards,

jon
Nirmal Says:

February 2nd, 2011 at 11:04 am

Hi Mr Marcial

can u send me the Ms Excel copy :PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING POWER PLANT EMISSIONS.

presently i am working on that area..it will be more helpful to me My mail id :nirmalguru123@gmail.com

thanks
Regards
Nirmal RG
Sayantani Says:

February 21st, 2011 at 2:00 am

I need the excel sheet urgently. It would be a great help if you can send it to my mail id.

Thanks in advance

Regards.

Sayantani
Rahmat Says:

March 22nd, 2011 at 2:34 pm

Dear Admin,

Can i convert Kg/hr to ppm? Please help, it is quite a tough job for me. Actually, i want to compare two sources of emissions but the units are different. From one source i get the amount of CO2 in ppm and in other it is in Kg/hr so i can not compare them.
admin Says:

March 22nd, 2011 at 8:38 pm

Hi Mohib Rahmat. You can convert kg/hr of component x (SO2, NOX, CO2) to ppm (either ppm by volume or ppm by mass) if you know the air to fuel ratio or alternatively the % oxygen level which will then provide basis for calculating the kg/hr of air used in firing and the kg/hr of flue gas resulting from the combustion of C to CO2, S to SO2 and H to H2O. Then you can compute ppm by mass. To compute ppm by volume, you need to know the specific molal volume of the flue gas to get the cubic meter per hr from the kg/hr of the flue gas. Then compute the ppm by volume by multiplying the kg component x per kg flue gas x 10000 to convert to parts per million.
daved Says:

May 3rd, 2011 at 12:04 am

how do i calculate the dry flue gas analysis for a fuel oil, which has an ultimate analysis of 83% cardon and 17% hydrogen, when briunt with air
Muhammad Junaid abbasi Says:

May 24th, 2011 at 12:48 pm

Dear Sir,
how we calculate the dew point in degree celcius of sulfur while using crude oil 2.63% of sulfur.
Thanks,
Regards,

Muhammad Junaid Abbasi
admin Says:

June 5th, 2011 at 7:23 pm

Hi Jean

The formula for specific CO2 emission is based on %C in the peat fuel and thermal efficiency:

CO2, kg/kWh = (heat rate, kJ/kWh) / (GHV, kJ/kg) x (% C) x (mw CO2/mw C)

= (3600 / thermal efficiency) / (GHV, kJ/kg) x (% C) x (mw CO2/mw C)

= (3600 / 38%) / (4,000 Btu/lb x 2.2046 lb/kg x 1.05506 kJ/Btu) x (40% C) x (44/12)

= 1.493 kg CO2/kWh

Then calculate the total CO2 emission from the annual fuel consumption which could be calculated from the kWh generation and thermal efficiency:

Total CO2, kg/year = (CO2, kg/kWh) x (kWh per year)

= (CO2, kg/kWh) x MW x (capacity factor) x (24 * 365 hours/year)

Or from the total quantity of fuel burned:

Total CO2, kg/year = (1.2 million tonnes/year) x (1000 kg/tonne) x (40% C) x (44/12)

= 1,760,000 kg CO2

= 1.760 million tonnes of CO2

Hope I was of help.

Regards,

Marcial
admin Says:

June 26th, 2011 at 1:45 am

Hi Muhammad, First, you need to have the complete fuel elemental analysis (%C, %H, %S, %O, %N, %ash, %water), then with the given excess air firing ratio, estimate by stoichiometric calculations the results flue gas (CO2, H2O, SO2, O2, N2). From the % SO2, then look at the psychometric chart for SO2 vapor to arrive at the dew point. Cheers. Marcial
admin Says:

June 26th, 2011 at 1:46 am

Hi Daved, First, you need to have the complete fuel elemental analysis (%C, %H, %S, %O, %N, %ash, %water), then with the given excess air firing ratio, estimate by stoichiometric calculations the results flue gas (CO2, H2O, SO2, O2, N2). From the % SO2, then look at the psychometric chart for SO2 vapor to arrive at the dew point. Cheers. Marcial
yoga Says:

August 22nd, 2011 at 2:18 pm

dear,

could u send the spreadsheet in excel to my email : yogacruise@gmail.com. Thank you
Vinayak Says:

August 25th, 2011 at 6:58 pm

Dear Sir

I would like to claculate the flue gas emission from the quantity of coal used in thermal power plant. I the total coal consumption and i want to find out how much SPM, SOx NOx will come out from stack. would you help me out with this regards

Vinayak
Greem Circle, Inc.
Vinayak Says:

August 25th, 2011 at 7:00 pm

I request you to send me the excel sheet of the same calculation on my ID
admin Says:

August 28th, 2011 at 9:41 am

Hi Vinayak,

Please email me of your actual interest to mars_ocampo@yahoo.com so I could email you the details for obtaining the power plant emission model:

power plant emission – by mass = $126
power plant emission – by concentration = $200

Regards,

Marcial
admin Says:

August 28th, 2011 at 9:44 am

Hi Vinayak,

Please email me of your actual interest to mars_ocampo@yahoo.com so I could email you the details for obtaining the power plant emission model:

power plant emission – by mass = $126
power plant emission – by concentration = $200

The model calculates the flue gas composition (CO2, H2O, SO2, excess O2, N2). The CO and NOX being products of partial combustion and dissociation at high temperature could not be predicted as it would take a sophisticated combustion and dissociation model.

Regards,

Marcial
admin Says:

August 28th, 2011 at 9:46 am

Hi Yoga,

Please email me of your actual interest to mars_ocampo@yahoo.com so I could email you the details for obtaining the power plant emission model:

power plant emission – by mass = $126
power plant emission – by concentration = $200

Regards,

Marcial
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September 4th, 2011 at 4:34 pm

kindly help to determine the content of O2 and N2 in fresh air
admin Says:

September 5th, 2011 at 2:19 am

Hi Kaleem,

Air is 20.95% O2 and 79.05% by volume or 23.14% O2 and 76.86% by weight (mass).

Marcial
Alison Says:

September 10th, 2011 at 4:46 am

pls kindly help me to calculate SOX FROM CO, O2, CO2 my email is vanali4u@yahoo.com
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September 10th, 2011 at 4:47 am

no comment
Sibonginkosi Says:

September 13th, 2011 at 3:33 am

The density of a gas varies depending on the gas temperature. dos this ppmv to mg/Nm3 conversion formula incorporates that? If yes how?
admin Says:

September 13th, 2011 at 7:34 am

The conversion from ppmv (by volume) to mg/Nm3 (at standard condition – temperature and pressure) incorporates this and this is corrected to a reference O2 (oxygen) concentration.
pandi Says:

September 20th, 2011 at 6:02 pm

I am in need of so2 emission coefficients(kg/Mwh) data for 26 unit test system. I had referred some papers, there it has been mentioned that it can be arrived from fuel coefficients($/Mwh). can you help me in this regard.
admin Says:

September 20th, 2011 at 6:08 pm

Hi Dhana. You need the % SO2 in the fuel (by weight) and the thermal efficiency of the power generation system:

kg SO2/kWh = (% S in fuel) x (lb fuel / Btu fuel) x (3,600 x 1.05506 Btu/kWh / efficiency) x (mw SO2 / mw S) x (1 kg / 2.2046 lb) = kg SO2 / kWh
= (% S) / GHV x (3412 / efficiency) x (mw SO2 / mw S) / 2.2046

Regards, Marcial
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How do I convert mg/MWh to mg/Nm3 for mercury emission from coal power plant?. Thanks.
admin Says:

February 4th, 2012 at 1:16 am

Hi Stevens,

To convert from mg Hg per MWh to mg Hg / Nm3, you need the following information:

1) mg Hg / MWh = xxx (given)

2) Thermal efficiency or plant heat rate = kJ as GHV / MWh

3) Fuel gross heating value = GHV = kJ / kg of fuel

4) Excess air ratio = % excess relative to stoichiometric requirements

5) Fuel analysis = %C, % H, % S, % O, % N, % H2O (moisture), % ash

From the above, you will be able to relate the MWh to kJ fuel to kg fuel to kg air stoichiometric to kg air actual supplied.

Then from the standard density or molal volume of air, you compute kg air to NM3 of air

so finally, you are able to compute mg Hg / Nm3:

(xxx mg Hg / MWh) x (MWh / 1,000 kWh) / (heat rate, kJ / kWh) / (GHV, kJ / kg fuel) / (air-fuel ratio, kg air / kg fuel) / (density, kg air / NM3) = yyy mg Hg / NM3

Energy Technology Expert