Energy Technology Expert

Available Project Finance Models with CDM and Renewable Energy Law Incentives

Available Project Finance Models with CDM and Renewable Energy Law Incentives

I just finished polishing all my project finance models for the following power generation technologies and are now available for actual runs by project developers, researchers and individuals doing business development.  Using the models below will allow user to determine as quickly as possible the “best new entrant” technology applicable to a particular location given the fuel and energy resource available and the electricity tariff prevailing in the area. More »

How to Optimize Power Plant Design and Configuration (technology, capacity, efficiency, location)

How to Optimize Power Plant Design and Configuration (technology, capacity, efficiency, location) – see download file for input data

Optimizing the overall project concept during the plant feasibility study and detailed engineering study is a common problem faced by project developers and EPC contractors.  The question commonly asked by project owners from project developers and designers are:

(1) What engine/manufacturer should be considered (e.g. Siemens, Westinghouse, General Electric, Mitsubishi, Alstom, etc)? More »

Biomass, Coal and Oil Thermal, Diesel and CCGT Levelized Tariff, Levelized Cost and Financial Model

Biomass, Coal and Oil Thermal, Diesel and CCGT Levelized Tariff, Levelized Cost and Financial Model

The following is a snippet of my state-of-the-art project finance model for calculating levelized tariff, levelized cost of energy, and financial model (generation, fuel requirement, income statement, cash flow statement, balance sheet and financial ratios). More »

Pulverized Coal

The file (1.59 MB) will cover the following topics:

TRADITIONAL COAL THERMAL

Coal is formed from plants by chemical and geological processes which occur over million of years.

First product of this process was peat (partially decomposed stems, twigs, bark), then transformed into lignite, bituminous, then anthracite.

Coal is the largest source of energy for power and other uses:

Primary Energy Electricity

World: 23%                        40%

US: 55%

Philippines: 13%                        38%

Topics – Traditional Coal Thermal

• Coal Resource : Reserves, Extraction Rate, Life Time
• Types of Coal and Reserves
• Properties of Coal, Coal-Mixtures and Classification by Rank
• Examples of Pulverized Coal Boilers & Plants
• Basic Principle of Pulverized Coal Thermal Plant
• Coal Mining, Preparation, Transport, Storage, Pulverization & Firing
• Pollution Control Technologies in Coal Plants
• Emissions from Coal-Fired Plants
• Cost of Coal-Fired Plants and Treatment (Capital, O&M, Levelized)
• Coal Plants in the Philippines
• Applicability, Advantages, Disadvantages
• Environmental Impact & Risks

Price: 32 USD

Advanced Coal-Burning Power Plant Technology

This file (1.03 MB) will cover the following topics:

ADVANCED COAL-BURNING POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY

Traditional coal-fired power plant suffers from two primary drawbacks:

• overall thermal efficiency limited
• major source of pollution

There are strategies to reduce levels of pollution immediately in traditional plants.

However, very little can be done to raise its efficiency, being limited by thermodynamic constraints.

Efficiency of 49-50% feasible within 20 years.

Topics – Advanced Coal

• Advanced Coal Technology, Its Uses
• Advanced Coal-Burning Technologies
• Principle of Fluidized Bed Combustion
• Fluidized Bed Schematic and Examples
• Principle of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
• IGCC Project – 250 MW Tampa, Florida
• Cost of Coal-Fired Plants and SO2 Removal
• Applicability, Advantages, Disadvantages
• Environmental Impact & Risks

Advanced Coal-Burning Technologies

a) Fluidized bed combustion.

• Layer of sand, finely ground coal or any fine solid material is placed in a container and high pressure is blown though it from below

• Small particles become entrained in the air and form a floating or fluidized bed of solid particles that behaves like a fluid that constantly move and collide with one another

• Bed contains only 5% coal and the balance are inert materials like ash or sand; low temperature of bed (950 C) significantly lowers NOX formation

• Limestone (CaO) may be added to the bed to capture sulfur and form gypsum, thus reducing SO2 emissions:

SO2 + ½ O2 + CaO è CaSO4 + 6733 btu/lb S

• Boiler pipes immersed in the bed captures the heat given off and raises thermal efficiency.

Fluidized Bed Combustion Efficiency

• Bubbling bed can achieve 70-90% sulfur removal

• Circulating bed can achieve higher removal of 90-95% with C/S

mole ratio of 2.0-2.5

• Thermal efficiency similar to traditional pulverized coal plant (47%)

• With pressurization, capturing the vented exhaust gases thru a gas turbine will raise efficiency to 50%

• Usual capacity of 200 MW; larger 350 MW units begin developed

Applicability of Fluidized Bed

• Fuel preparation – fluidized bed accepts crushed solids less than 6.4 mm (between stoker firing and pulverized firing), thus avoiding costly pulverizing system.

• Lower temperature – needs less refractory, cheaper unit.

• Reduced emissions – with lower temperature, cheap limestone or dolomite can be used as a sorbent to remove SO2 without the need for sulfur removal equipment like FGD; air-staging and post-combustion techniques even lower NOX emissions

• Fuel flexibility – variety of fuels from very low-btu coal cleaning tailings, municipal solid wastes, biomass, high-btu solid fuels like coal, and fouling and slagging fuels may be burned efficiently with little difficulty.

b) Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

• IGCC – advanced coal burning plant based on the gasification of coal, an old technology used to produce town gas until natural gas came

• Modern gasifiers convert coal into a mixture of hydrogen [H2] and carbon monoxide [CO], both of which are combustible

C + O2 è CO2 (complete combustion)

C + ½ O2 è CO (incomplete combustion)

CO + H20 è CO2 + H2 (water-gas shift)

• Gasification takes place by heating the coal with a mixture of steam [H2O] and oxygen [O2] or air [21% O2, 79% N2]. This can be carried out in a fixed bed, fluidized bed or an entrained flow gasifier.

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Efficiency

• Partial combustion of coal takes place in the gasifier, releasing considerable amount of heat that is used to generate steam to drive a turbo-generator:

C + ½ O2 è CO + 4347 btu/lb C

• Gas produced is cleaned and burned in a GT to produce more electricity and the heat from GT exhaust is recovered in a waste heat boiler to raise additional steam for power generation (combined cycle).

• IGCC can already achieve 45% efficiency and will reach 50-51%. It can remove 99% of sulfur from coal and reduce NOX emission to below 50 ppm.

Applicability of IGCC

• Fuel preparation and flexibility – a new way of utilizing coal, wastes and biomass has been developed – by first gasifying it, then purifying the synthetic gas like natural gas, and using it in a CCGT for the cleanest and most efficient way of generating power

• High efficiency – after the coal/water slurry and oxygen have reacted at high temperature and pressure to produce a medium temperature synthetic gas in a gasifier, the gas goes to a heat recovery unit to cool the gas and generate high-pressure steam for power generation.

• Reduced emissions – the cooled gas is water-washed for particulate removal, then a COS hydrolysis reactor converts sulfur prior to feeding in a conventional amine sulfur removal system (97% sulfur capture); cleaned gas is reheated and fired in the CCGT

Environmental Impact

• Uncontrolled coal combustion is generally a filthy process

• Like oil, the obvious contaminants are SO2, NOX, CO, CO2, unburnt HC and particulates (fly ash)

• Typical emissions for CFB are low:

100-200 ppm NOX

< 200 ppm CO

< 20 ppm UHC

Fly ash <44 microns (requires bag filters)

• Coal generates more CO2 than natural gas which contains less carbon and more hydrogen, aside from being more efficient.

• Fluidized bed combustion results in lower temperature, hence lower NOX emission

• Addition of limestone to capture sulfur before it goes to the stack is a positive benefit that results in 70-90% sulfur removal for bubbling bed and higher 90-95% removal for circulating bed.

• IGCC achieves much higher sulfur removal of 99% and attains NOX emissions below 50 ppm compared to traditional coal firing

• Because of the higher thermal efficiency of fluidized bed combustion and IGCC, the emission of greenhouse gas CO2 is much lower per unit kWh:

CO2 = (heat rate, kJ/kWh) / (LHV, kJ/kg) * (% C/100) * (mw CO2/mw C)

= (3600 / efficiency) / (LHV, kJ/kg) * (% C/100) * (mw CO2/mw C)

Risks

• Technology risk

- advanced coal-burning technologies like fluidized bed combustion and IGCC have only achieve commercial status only recently; some technology risk

- atmospheric fluidized bed combustion have been extensively demonstrated in power generation and their reliability is generally proven; technology risk would be minimal

• Fuel supply risk (low)

- fluidized bed combustion and IGCC have added flexibility of being able to burn different coals with ease, including low-btu wastes and biomass

- local coal could be cleaned and blended with imported high quality coal to achieve desired performance and costs

• Technology risk (moderate)

- Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) and IGCC are still in the demonstration and early commercialization stage; long-term reliability has to be established and some component developments still remain; full-scale commercial implementation has to be monitored to see its performance

- The advanced coal-fired systems require a higher level of technological expertise to manufacture and maintain; core components will often have to be imported

Price: 21 USD