Energy Technology Expert

Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 6 – 12 May 2009

Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 6 – 12 May 2009

In today’s Philippine Star dated 12 May 2009, it was reported that oil major Petron and oil minors Total, SeaOil and PTT will increase gasoline and diesel oil pump prices by P1.50 per liter effective today due to rising prices of crude oil and oil products in the international market.

The Philippine Department of Energy (DOE) monitoring reported that as of May 8, the benchmark price of gasoline in Singapore (Mean of Platts Singapore) rose by $4/bbl from April’s average of $60.74/bbl to $64.74/bbl. Similarly, the benchmark price of diesel (MOPS) increased by the same $4/bbl from April’s average of $60.08/bbl to $64.08/bbl. On the other hand, the benchmark price of Dubai crude oil that is used by crude oil refiners Petron and Shell rose from April’s average of $50.10/bbl to $55/bbl. More »

Sample Levelized Cost of Energy – the cheapest and most expensive technology

Sample Levelized Cost of Energy – the cheapest and most expensive technology

As the third article of the  series on “How to Calculate the Levelized Cost of Energy”, the author is now ready to present the summary of levelized cost per technology group.  Please refer to the first article for the calculation formulas (US NREL and RP MTO) and the second article for the sample input data used in the calculations (rated capacity, overnight cost, fixed and variable O&M cost, fuel cost, efficiency, capacity factor, station use, taxes, economic life, etc.).

Levelized Cost by Technology Group (using RP MTO Formula)

The levelized cost for each technology of given rated capacity is given for the RP MTO formula (with taxes and depreciation).

Conventional Thermal Plants

Oil Thermal (fuel oil) - 300 MW, 0.1397 $/kWh

Orimulsion Thermal (orimulsion) – 100 MW, $0.1030 $/kWh

Gas Thermal (natural gas) – 100 MW, 0.0808 $/kWh

Pulverized Coal Thermal (coal) – 600 MW, 0.0665 $/kWh

Compression Ignition Engines

Reciprocating Diesel Engine (diesel, fuel oil) – 50 MW, 0.1605 $/kWh

Reciprocating Orimulsion Engine (orimulsion) – 50 MW, 0.1143 $/kWh

Gas Turbines (oil, natural gas)

Simple GT – 35 MW, 0.0755 $/kWh

Recuperated GT – 3 MW, 0.0739 $/kWh

Cascaded Humid Air Turbine (CHAT) – 11 MW, 0.0804 $/kWh

Cascaded Humid Air Turbine (CHAT) - 300 MW, 0.0584 $/kWh

Heavy Frame GT – 200 MW, 0.0875 $/kWh

Combined Cycle GT – 500 MW, 0.0607 $/kWh

More »

Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 5 – 05 May 2009

Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 5 – 05 May 2009

The world just witnessed one of the best boxing fights with the greatest Philippine boxer Manny Pacquiao defeating the greatest British boxer Ricky Hatton in Round 2.  Both trained hard and gave it all, but in the end, only the best became victorious.  Their dedicated pursuit of their dreams surely serves as an inspiration to all peoples of mankind – make your own dreams, pursue it relentlessly, train hard for it, and in the end, leave everything to your God to decide which the best man to win.  I guess no one lost – but rather everyone gained a valuable lesson.  As they said, success only comes to those willing to make sacrifices.

Once again the world was gifted with another price roll back by the oil majors and minor players. In today’s 5 May 2009 Philippine Star, Shell, Caltex and SeaOil announced a P1.50/liter rollback for gasoline, P0.25/liter for diesel, P0.25/liter for kerosene and P0.40/kg for LPG effective 12:01 pm.  On the other hand, Petron and Total announced a similar reduction for gasoline, diesel and kerosene of P1.50, P0.25, P0.25 per liter, respectively, effective 6:00am.  However, Petron and Total announced a smaller reduction of P0.25/kg for LPG.

NEWS FLASH AS OF 7:19PM MANILA TIME: Petron and Total announced a P0.40/kg reduction of LPG to match that of Shell, Caltex and SeaOil. More »

Cómo calcular el coste levelized de energía y de electricidad – muestree los datos y los cálculos

How to calculate the levelized cost of energy and electricity – sample data and calculations

As promised in my last blog “How to Calculate the Levelized Cost of Energy – a simplified approach”, I am sharing sample data, assumptions and calculations to provide our readers with greater understanding.

The author, your favorite Energy Technology Expert – Mr. Marcial T. Ocampo , has indeed invested tremendous time and resources to bring this blog to the world and the Philippines.

Should the reader/user find the materials, topics, technology briefs, energy data and formulas very useful and would like to continue receiving such useful information, Marcial would like to request the benefited reader to donate or sponsor the continued updating of this blog.

Please keep in touch with Marcial using the contact information at the end of this blog. There is no fixed amount. Marcial would leave it to the good reader the amount of donation he would like to contribute.

Alternatively, you could order the specific topics of interest and use PayPal to effect the payment. Delivery via email will follow for the ordered technology topic.

You could also retain me as consultant in your energy and business development projects and when bidding for NPC/PSALM power plants for sale in the Philippines. Our select group (technology expert, power plant expert, financial modeling expert and legal expert) will conduct a legal and technical due diligence of the power plant for sale, prepare the technical, economic and financial inputs to a detailed project finance model for estimating the value of the power plant. In this way, you will enhance the chance of your company winning the bid and start operating your own power plant in the Philippines. More »

A Survey on Oil Pump Prices – Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 4 – 01 May 1, 2009

A Survey on Oil Pump Prices – Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 4 – 01 May 1, 2009

This time, I am still holding my breath because of the fast pace of changes in the international crude oil and product posted prices and its immediate impact on domestic prices of oil products. One week, its gone up, only to be followed by a price reduction the next week as the prices of crude oil and products move in unison with changes in the Philippine peso with the US dollar.

NEDA Secretary Says Domestic Pump Price is Over-priced by P8/Liter (??) More »

How to Calculate the Levelized Cost of Energy – a simplified approach

How to Calculate the Levelized Cost of Energy – a simplified approach

Calculating the levelized cost of energy is a fundamental principle in the energy and power industry. It basically allows the comparison of various technologies of unequal life times and capacities without resorting to developing a full-blown project finance model.

This simplified approach is particularly appropriate when doing a rough estimate on the cost of electricity given the various technologies in a country. By applying the formula on each power plant, as if it is continuously replaced to provide incremental power to meet new incremental demand, it provides a good estimate on the cost of electricity had a new plant been constructed to replace the old plant that became obsolete.

The weighted average levelized cost for the country is then estimated by using the electricity generation of each technology as weighing factor. For instance, the effect of injecting a nuclear power plant into the generation mix will be estimated quickly so that the country’s average levelized cost of energy could be compared with its neighboring competitor countries having nuclear power. Applying the same set of formulas and cost factors for each technology will yield a good index on our country’s competitiveness with respect to power costs.

Various Power Generation Technologies

I am sharing with you my own list and classification of the various power generation technologies, both existing and future technologies, that taken as a whole, would supply the ever growing needs of the peoples of our mother earth.

Levelized Cost of Each Power Generation Technology

The only way power generation technologies could be compared with respect to cost is to calculate the levelized cost of energy over its economic life. This involves obtaining data on rated capacity kW, overnigh costs $/kW, fixed Operating & Maintenance cost $/kW/year, variable O&M cost $/kWh, efficiency % or plant heat rate kJ/kWh, economic life years, availability %, load factor % or capacity factor %, fuel cost $/GJ or $/kg or $/L, fuel Gross Heating Value kJ/kg or kJ/L, fuel density kg/L, and construction lead time years.

The levelized cost allows comparison of different power generation technologies of unequal economic life, capital cost, risk and returns, capacity factor, efficiencies or plant heat rate, fuel costs and construction lead times.

The basic formula used is based on the US NREL formula for the levelized cost of energy (net):

Net COE = ICC * CRF / AEPnet + (LLC + O&M + LRC + MOE) – PTC, in US $/kWh

where ICC = Initial Capital Cost (total debt), $

CRF = capital recovery factor, 1/yr = int / (1 – (1 + int)^-Life)

AEPnet = Net Annual Energy Production, kWh/yr (net of plant own use)

= (kW capacity) * (capacity factor) * (hours/year)

LLC = Land Lease Cost, $/kWh

O&M = Levelized Operating & Maintenance Expense, $/kWh

LRC = Levelized Replacement/Overhaul Cost, $/kWh

MOE = Miscellaneous Operating Expense, $/kWh

PTC = US Production Tax Credit, $/kWh

In the case of the Philippines where the effect of income tax and depreciation needs to be considered, the RP MTO formula developed by Engr. Marcial T. Ocampo is shown:

More »

Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 3: 22 April 2009

Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 3 : 22 April 2009

This is the 3rd issue of this weekly oil pump price bulletin. It is being issued to provide pricing forecast for low sulfur diesel LSD (0.05% Sulfur) and unleaded gasoline 93 RON. Please refer to the previous Bulletin 1 dated 15 April 2009 for 93 RON and Bulletin 2 dated 17 April 2009 for the pump price of LSD.

This bulletin predicted a similar upward price adjustment in unleaded 93 RON gasoline of 0.6710 PhP/liter which is similar to the 0.50 PhP/liter upward adjustment announced by Shell and Petron this day of 22 April 2009. For low sulfur diesel (0.05% sulfur), a very small downward adjustment of 0.0894 PhP/liter was predicted by this bulletin. This approximates the announcement that no adjustments will be made on diesel.

Basic Information (from Philippine Star, 22 April 2009)

Exchange Rate = 48.46 PhP/$ (April 22) vs 47.66 PhP/$ (April 15)

1 US gallon = 3.7854 liters

1 barrel of oil = 42 US gallons = 42 * 3.7854 = 158.9868 liters

Dubai Crude = 49.27 $/bbl (April 14, 2009 – Philippine Star)

Singapore Posted Price, $ per barrel:

Diesel = $62.08 (April 10-21 ave) vs $62.32 (April 6-9 ave)

Mogas = $63.74 (April 10-21 ave) vs $62.09 (April 6-9 ave)

Example for Unleaded 93 RON Gasoline:

To reflect production cost, a factor of 1.134 to 1.176 is applied on crude cost. However, the reader is advised to use actual posted price.

More »

Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 2 : 17 April 2009

Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 2 : 17 April 2009

This is the 2nd issue of this weekly oil pump price bulletin. It is being issued to provide pricing forecast for unleaded 93 RON gasoline. Please refer to the previous Bulletin 1 dated 15 April 2009 for the pump price of LSD (low sulfur diesel).

Basic Information

Exchange Rate = 47.66 PhP/$ (April 15, 2009 – Philippine Star)

1 US gallon = 3.7854 liters

1 barrel of oil = 42 US gallons = 42 * 3.7854 = 158.9868 liters

Dubai Crude = 49.27 $/bbl (April 14, 2009 – Philippine Star)

Example for Unleaded 93 RON Gasoline:

To reflect production cost, a factor of 1.134 to 1.176 is applied on crude cost. However, the reader is advised to use actual posted price (e.g. MOPS).

More »

Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 1 : 15 April 2009

Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin 1 : April 15, 2009

Introduction

The worldwide phenomenon of frequent rise and fall of the international price of crude oil and its roller-coaster effect on the domestic price of petroleum products have brought about the need for a transparent and predictable price adjustment mechanism in order to protect the overall interest of the consuming public, petroleum dealers, oil refiners, importers and marketers of oil-based products.

During period of supply and price stability, the international price of crude oil and finished products is fully reflected in domestic pump prices with all the participants in the supply chain (importers, insurers, refiners, marketers, shippers, haulers and dealers) receiving their fair share of logistics costs and margins, and the government likewise receiving mandated customs duties, specific taxes, wharfage fee, BOE fee, value added tax (VAT) on imported oil and added services.

However during extra-ordinary events such as supply restraints by OPEC, conflicts and tensions in the Middle East and major oil suppliers, speculations in oil futures and commodity exchanges, steep currency depreciation, and stringent environmental requirements, the international price of crude oil and petroleum products suddenly rise and consequently the oil majors and minor industry players naturally raise prices to reflect the cost of new deliveries to replenish working capital, albeit moderated somewhat by stocks bought at previously lower prices and market competition.

Problem of Price Adjustments

Consequently, the problem arise when the international price of crude oil and petroleum products drop significantly following an oil price “spike”. End consumers and lobby groups naturally demand for significant one-time oil price adjustment to fully reflect the drop in the international price of crude oil and petroleum products.

The oil company and minor players are accused of dilly dallying price reductions in contrast with their speedy upward price adjustments. This observation is indeed unfortunate but very popular but a careful analysis reveals that in the same manner that prices were adjusted upwards gradually below international prices, the converse is likewise true that prices are adjusted downwards gradually but higher than international prices in order that upfront under-recoveries are liquidated via delayed over-recoveries.

Hence, the main determinant of equality is for the average international price to be reflected in the average domestic pump price for a defined period, after fully reflecting all the cost factors to bring the product to our country’s shores and after reasonable margin for the upkeep of the oil companies. In this way, there is neither under-recovery nor over-recovery on the part of the oil companies.

Objective of the Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin weekly service

The primary objective of this Philippine Oil Pump Price Bulletin is to provide weekly pump price updates given the prevailing past week average or start of the week Peso per US$ exchange rate, Dubai Crude marker $ per barrel, prevailing average petroleum product prices in Singapore, currently in force customs duties, specific taxes, value added tax on oil import, and other supply chain costs such as insurance, freight, oil company margin, dealer’s margin, transshipment & hauling and local value added tax.

More »

Energy Technology Expert – my expertise and services

Where to Get Assistance for Energy & Electricity Investment Opportunities in the Philippines

Marcial Ocampo provides a blog on issues and concerns regarding current and future fuel cycles and power generation technologies as they affect the environment, fuel supplies and power generation capacities, efficiency of utilization of fuel or energy resource, pollution & greenhouse gas emissions, and cost of power (overnight capital cost $/kW) and energy (levelized $/kWh).

He provides market, technical and economic feasibility studies and prepares project finance models for determining asset value (bid price), levelized price of energy or electricity, or equity returns (DCF IRR).

He is also familiar with investment opportunities in the Philippine energy and electricity sector (Philippine Energy Plan, Power Development Plan) and the regulatory framework (EPIRA and RE laws,  implementing rules and regulations, Distribution Code, Grid Code) for purchasing a power plant from PSALM/NPC or for putting up a new power plant (conventional, fossil or renewable).

He can guide you in securing incentives under the latest Philippine Renewable Energy (RE) law and its implementing rules and regulations (IRR).

In addition, he could guide you in securing the needed endorsement from the Philippine Department of Energy (DOE), permits and licenses from the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) and other government agencies (DTI, SEC, BIR, DENR, EMB, NWRB, PNRI, DOLE, NTC, BOC, PPA, ATO, PDEA, BOI, NCIP and LGUs) in order that the facility is duly licensed to operate as a power generation facility with an electricity tariff that is the “best new entrant” for the given location and application in order to balance the need of the customers for affordable electricity and the need of the investor to meet its investment return criteria.

Should you need assistance in preparing a project finance model and a feasibility study (market, technical, economic, financial) using Philippine oil, energy and electricity data, please don’t hesitate to contact Marcial.

email:    mars_ocampo@yahoo.com   and   energydataexpert@gmail.com

tel/fax: (632)-932-5530 More »

“Is the Oil Price Right?”

Are Domestic Oil Pump Prices Transparent and Reasonable?

Introduction

The worldwide phenomenon of frequent rise and fall of the international price of crude oil and its roller-coaster effect on the domestic price of petroleum products have brought about the need for a transparent and predictable price adjustment mechanism in order to protect the overall interest of the consuming public, petroleum dealers, oil refiners, importers and marketers of oil-based products.

During period of supply and price stability, the international price of crude oil and finished products is fully reflected in domestic pump prices with all the participants in the supply chain (importers, insurers, refiners, marketers, shippers, haulers and dealers) receiving their fair share of logistics costs and margins, and the government likewise receiving mandated customs duties, specific taxes, wharfage fee, BOE fee, value added tax (VAT) on imported oil and added services. More »

Large-Scale Project Finance Models

Large-Scale Project Finance Models:

1. Oil Thermal Power Plant – 2,000 US$
   
   
   
2. Pulverized Thermal Power Plant – 4,000 US$
   
   
   
3. Advance Coal Thermal Power Plant – 6,000 US$
   
   
   
4. Geothermal Power Plant – 8,000 US$
   
   
   
5. Simple Gas Turbine Power Plant – 9,000 US$
   
   
   
6. Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant – 10,000 US$
   
   
   
7. Energy Storage Power Plant – 12,000 US$*
8. Solar Thermal Power Plant – 14,000 US$*
9. Fuel Cells Power Plant – 16,000 US$*
10. Ocean Thermal Power Plant – 18,000 US$*
11. Ocean Wave Power Plant – 20,000 US$*
12. Tidal Power Plant – 22,000 US$*
13. Nuclear Power Plant – 30,000 US$*

*Please inquire about payment options directly to me.

Contents:

1) Input (Assumption) Sheet

2) Report (Summary) Sheet

3) Project Cost Sheet (equipment cost, ocean freight, insurance, taxes & duties, brokerage & local shipping, erection & installation, land & right-of-way, project development & contract management, initial stocks & inventories, manpower mobilization & training, working capital, interest during construction, other capitalized expenses)

4) Construction Sheet (construction schedule, equity/loan drawdown, interest during construction)

5) Model Sheet (escalation of items, starting costs, capacity & degradation, heat rate & efficiency degradation, maintenance & overhaul scheduel, available hours, gross generation, plant use & net generation, transmission/distribution line constraints & losses, net electricity sales, revenue items, expense items, income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, project & equity IRR, project & equity payback, debt service cover ratio)

6) Depreciation Sheet (evolution of balance sheet accounts, working capital)

7) Loan Amortization Table (interest & principal repayment)

Small-Scale Project Finance Models

Small-Scale Project Finance Models:

1. Diesel Genset Power Plant – 600 US$
   
   
   
2. Biomass Power Plant – 800 US$
   
   
   
3. Cogen Power Plant – 1,000 US$
   
   
   
4. Hydro (Micro, Mini) Power Plant – 1,200 US$
   
   
   
5. Solar PV Power Plant – 1,800 US$
   
   
   
6. Wind Power Plant – 2,400 US$
   
   
   
7. Biomass Gassifaction Power Plant / Anaerobic Digestion – 3,000 US$
   
   
   
8. Hybrid Power Plant (Diesel, Biomass, Solar, Wind, Micro-Hydro) – 1,000 US$
   
   
   

Wind Energy

The file (697 KB) will cover the following topics:

WIND ENERGY

• An indirect form of solar energy stored in kinetic form
• Induced chiefly by the uneven heating of the earth’s crust by the sun.

Uses of Wind Energy

1. Home owners may generate electricity, charge batteries, sell excess power to utility
2. Large, modern turbines in wind farms can produce electricity for utilities
3. Remote villages can generate power, pump water, grind grain, meet their basic energy needs.

Topics – Wind Energy

• Wind Energy, Its Uses and History
• Global Wind Resource Potential
• Basic Principles of Operation & Components
• Power Output and Maximum Efficiency
• Types of Wind Mills and Examples
• Cost of Wind Power (Capital, O&M, Levelized)
• Applicability, Advantages, Disadvantages
• Environmental Impact & Risks

History of Wind Turbines

• Hero of Alexandria described a wind machine in the 1st century AD
• Arabic texts of the 9th century talked of 7th century windmill.
• Windmills spread to Europe from the Middle East for grinding grain, drainage, pumping, saw-milling, etc.
• Post mills (rotated into the wind), were known in France and England in the 12th century. Tower mills (sails on top rotated), were introduced in France around the 14th century.
• The first windmill to drive an electric generator was built by P. Lacour of Denmark in the late 19th century.
• In 1931, a propeller-type windmill was built in Crimea for low-voltage electricity that fed into the local grid.
• Experiments in 1940 led to a large Smith-Putnam machine, a twin-blade 55m diameter propeller-type rotor on a 34m tower rated at 1.25 MW ac power at 28 rpm.

Global Wind Resource

• Wind is the movement of air in response to pressure differences within the atmosphere, caused primarily by uneven heating by the sun on the surface of the earth, exerting a force which causes air masses to move from a region of high pressure to a low one.
• About 1.7 million TWh of energy each year is generated in the form of wind over the earth’s land masses, much more over the globe as a whole. Only a small fraction can be harnessed to generate useful energy because of competing land use.
• A 1991 estimate puts the realizable global wind power potential at 53,000 TWh per year.
• US, UK and China have vast wind resource potential. With only 6% of total land area available for wind, US could generate about 500,000 MW. Present US capacity is 2,500 MW.

Basic Principles and Components of a Modern Wind Turbine

• Turbine rotor captures the wind energy and converts it into mechanical energy fed via a gearbox to a generator
• Gearbox / generator housed in an enclosed nacelle with the turbine rotor is attached to its front
• Combined rotor and nacelle mounted on a tower fitted with a yawing system keeps the turbine rotor facing into the wind always

Types of Modern Wind Turbines

• Vertical-Axis Windmills – early machines known as Persian windmills; evolved from ship sails made of canvas or wood attached to a large horizontal wheel; when used to grind grain into flour, they were called windmills.
• Horizontal-Axis Windmills –first designs had sails built on a post that could face into any wind direction, and were called post mills; evolved throughout the Middle Ages and was used for grinding grain, drainage, pumping, saw-milling.

Price: 56 USD

Energy Technology Road Map

The file (193 KB) will cover the following topics:

TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP: VISION – robust portfolio

In its “Electricity Supply Roadmap, January 1999”, EPRI clarified the ultimate goal or vision for the power generation industry worldwide:

A robust portfolio of technologies that provide reliable, affordable electricity, with capacity and resource flexibility to meet global market needs – on a sustainable basis – with acceptable environmental impacts.

Implementation will vary from developed and developing countries, from region to region, based on indigenous resources and on economic, environmental and political factors, hence, the need for a portfolio of solutions.

Power Generation Technology Roadmap : Two Destinations

The EPRI Roadmap suggests destinations and identifies R&D opportunities over two nominal time frames:

Twenty years from now (2020) – to assess near-term opportunities and the technical foundations we will draw upon to reach 2050 goals

Fifty years from now (2050) – to encompass truly new and innovative technologies, not simple extrapolation of today’s development efforts. 50 years is deemed to be long enough to allow for capital stock turnover and widespread adoption of new technology. It also provides milestone for gauging progress toward broader goals for energy use by 2100.

Price: 40 USD

Solar Energy

The file (871 KB) will cover the following topics:

Solar energy has potential of supplying all our energy needs for: electric, thermal, process, chemical and even transportation; however, it is very diffuse, cyclic and often undependable because of varying weather conditions.

• Sun – largest object in our solar system; outer visible layer called photosphere has temperature of 6,000 C
• Sunlight or solar energy – main source of energy for wind, hydro, ocean and biomass.

Price: 34USD

Simple Gas Turbine (GT)

The file (525 KB) will cover the following topics:

Gas Turbines and Combined Cycle Power Plants

• 130 BC – Hero of Alexandria’s reaction steam turbine
• 1550 – Leonardo da Vinci’s “smoke mill”
• 1629 – Giovanni Branca’s impulse steam turbine
• 1791 – John Barber’s patent for steam turbine – “gas was produced from heated coal, mixed with air, compressed and then burnt to produce a high speed jet that impinged on radial blades on a turbine wheel rim”.

Topics – Simple Gas Turbines

• Gas Turbines, Its Uses and History
• Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine Developments
• Operating Principle of a Gas Turbine
• Ideal & Non-Ideal Brayton Cycle, Its Efficiency
• Effects of Varying Compression Ratio
• Modifications to Improve Efficiency
• Gas Turbine Fuels
• Gas Turbine Technologies
• Advantages, Disadvantages of GT
• Environmental Impact, Risks of GT

Price: 44 USD

Introduction to Renewable Energy Sources

The file (69 KB) will cover the following topics:

Renewable Sources of Energy

• Geothermal Energy (radioactive decay and initial heat of earth)
• Solar Energy (radiation from sun)
• Hydro
• Solar PV and Solar Thermal
• Wind
• Biomass and Wastes
• Ocean Thermal
• Ocean Wave, Ocean Current
• Tidal Energy (gravitational pull of moon and earth’s rotation)
• Hydrogen Energy (from biomass and water)

Price: 10 USD

Pulverized Coal

The file (1.59 MB) will cover the following topics:

TRADITIONAL COAL THERMAL

Coal is formed from plants by chemical and geological processes which occur over million of years.

First product of this process was peat (partially decomposed stems, twigs, bark), then transformed into lignite, bituminous, then anthracite.

Coal is the largest source of energy for power and other uses:

Primary Energy Electricity

World: 23%                        40%

US: 55%

Philippines: 13%                        38%

Topics – Traditional Coal Thermal

• Coal Resource : Reserves, Extraction Rate, Life Time
• Types of Coal and Reserves
• Properties of Coal, Coal-Mixtures and Classification by Rank
• Examples of Pulverized Coal Boilers & Plants
• Basic Principle of Pulverized Coal Thermal Plant
• Coal Mining, Preparation, Transport, Storage, Pulverization & Firing
• Pollution Control Technologies in Coal Plants
• Emissions from Coal-Fired Plants
• Cost of Coal-Fired Plants and Treatment (Capital, O&M, Levelized)
• Coal Plants in the Philippines
• Applicability, Advantages, Disadvantages
• Environmental Impact & Risks

Price: 64 USD

Piston Engines

The file (138 KB) will cover the following topics:

Piston or Reciprocating Engines

4-Stroke medium speed diesel engines are mainly used for power generation on small islands, in remote areas and for industrial purposes. Medium speed technology is competitive for intermediate and base load power plants up to 200 MW: high levels of reliability and availability, rapid construction and installation, competitive capital cost and delivery times, and total efficiency approaching 90% for CHP plants.

Topics – Piston Engine

• Piston Engine, Its Uses, Fuels
• Types of Diesel Engines and Applications
• Compression Ratio and Efficiency of Engines
• Turbo-Charging of Engines
• Engine Heat Balance
• Basic Engine Construction & Support Systems
• Cost of Diesel Power
• Environmental Impact & Risks

Price: 30 USD