Energy Technology Expert

Energy Technology Road Map

The file (193 KB) will cover the following topics:

TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP: VISION – robust portfolio

In its “Electricity Supply Roadmap, January 1999”, EPRI clarified the ultimate goal or vision for the power generation industry worldwide:

A robust portfolio of technologies that provide reliable, affordable electricity, with capacity and resource flexibility to meet global market needs – on a sustainable basis – with acceptable environmental impacts.

Implementation will vary from developed and developing countries, from region to region, based on indigenous resources and on economic, environmental and political factors, hence, the need for a portfolio of solutions.

Power Generation Technology Roadmap : Two Destinations

The EPRI Roadmap suggests destinations and identifies R&D opportunities over two nominal time frames:

Twenty years from now (2020) – to assess near-term opportunities and the technical foundations we will draw upon to reach 2050 goals

Fifty years from now (2050) – to encompass truly new and innovative technologies, not simple extrapolation of today’s development efforts. 50 years is deemed to be long enough to allow for capital stock turnover and widespread adoption of new technology. It also provides milestone for gauging progress toward broader goals for energy use by 2100.

Price: 40 USD

Energy Storage Technologies

The file (806 KB) will cover the following topics:

STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES

Energy Storage – used to store and regenerate power for peak shaving and to even out generation fluctuations created by fluctuations in the resource being exploited

Allows greater use of intermittent renewable energy technologies – off-peak wind, solar, ocean wave, tidal power are stored in batteries, pumped storage hydro or stored hydrogen from electrolysis of water.

Topics – Storage Technologies

• Energy Storage, Its Uses
• Energy Storage Systems and Types
• Hourly and Daily Power Consumption
• Principles of Energy Storage
• Cost of Energy Storage Technologies
• Benefits from Energy Storage
• Environmental Impact & Risks
• Distributed Generation

Price: 56 USD

Solar Energy

The file (871 KB) will cover the following topics:

Solar energy has potential of supplying all our energy needs for: electric, thermal, process, chemical and even transportation; however, it is very diffuse, cyclic and often undependable because of varying weather conditions.

• Sun – largest object in our solar system; outer visible layer called photosphere has temperature of 6,000 C
• Sunlight or solar energy – main source of energy for wind, hydro, ocean and biomass.

Price: 34USD

Simple Gas Turbine (GT)

The file (525 KB) will cover the following topics:

Gas Turbines and Combined Cycle Power Plants

• 130 BC – Hero of Alexandria’s reaction steam turbine
• 1550 – Leonardo da Vinci’s “smoke mill”
• 1629 – Giovanni Branca’s impulse steam turbine
• 1791 – John Barber’s patent for steam turbine – “gas was produced from heated coal, mixed with air, compressed and then burnt to produce a high speed jet that impinged on radial blades on a turbine wheel rim”.

Topics – Simple Gas Turbines

• Gas Turbines, Its Uses and History
• Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine Developments
• Operating Principle of a Gas Turbine
• Ideal & Non-Ideal Brayton Cycle, Its Efficiency
• Effects of Varying Compression Ratio
• Modifications to Improve Efficiency
• Gas Turbine Fuels
• Gas Turbine Technologies
• Advantages, Disadvantages of GT
• Environmental Impact, Risks of GT

Price: 44 USD

Introduction to Renewable Energy Sources

The file (69 KB) will cover the following topics:

Renewable Sources of Energy

• Geothermal Energy (radioactive decay and initial heat of earth)
• Solar Energy (radiation from sun)
• Hydro
• Solar PV and Solar Thermal
• Wind
• Biomass and Wastes
• Ocean Thermal
• Ocean Wave, Ocean Current
• Tidal Energy (gravitational pull of moon and earth’s rotation)
• Hydrogen Energy (from biomass and water)

Price: 10 USD

Pulverized Coal

The file (1.59 MB) will cover the following topics:

TRADITIONAL COAL THERMAL

Coal is formed from plants by chemical and geological processes which occur over million of years.

First product of this process was peat (partially decomposed stems, twigs, bark), then transformed into lignite, bituminous, then anthracite.

Coal is the largest source of energy for power and other uses:

Primary Energy Electricity

World: 23%                        40%

US: 55%

Philippines: 13%                        38%

Topics – Traditional Coal Thermal

• Coal Resource : Reserves, Extraction Rate, Life Time
• Types of Coal and Reserves
• Properties of Coal, Coal-Mixtures and Classification by Rank
• Examples of Pulverized Coal Boilers & Plants
• Basic Principle of Pulverized Coal Thermal Plant
• Coal Mining, Preparation, Transport, Storage, Pulverization & Firing
• Pollution Control Technologies in Coal Plants
• Emissions from Coal-Fired Plants
• Cost of Coal-Fired Plants and Treatment (Capital, O&M, Levelized)
• Coal Plants in the Philippines
• Applicability, Advantages, Disadvantages
• Environmental Impact & Risks

Price: 64 USD

Primary Energy Sources

The file (294 KB) will cover the following topics:

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES

The traditional way of classifying primary energy sources is as follows:
Fossil fuels:

• Solid (coal, petroleum coke or petcoke)
• Liquid (petroleum fuels, gas liquids and derivatives e.g. condensate, methanol, ethanol)
• Gas (natural gas, LPG, hydrogen)

Nuclear fuels (uranium, plutonium)

Renewable energy (hydro, geothermal, wind, solar, ocean, biomass, wastes)

The California Energy Commission has a different way of classifying fuel and technology cycles:

Price: 60 USD

Piston Engines

The file (138 KB) will cover the following topics:

Piston or Reciprocating Engines

4-Stroke medium speed diesel engines are mainly used for power generation on small islands, in remote areas and for industrial purposes. Medium speed technology is competitive for intermediate and base load power plants up to 200 MW: high levels of reliability and availability, rapid construction and installation, competitive capital cost and delivery times, and total efficiency approaching 90% for CHP plants.

Topics – Piston Engine

• Piston Engine, Its Uses, Fuels
• Types of Diesel Engines and Applications
• Compression Ratio and Efficiency of Engines
• Turbo-Charging of Engines
• Engine Heat Balance
• Basic Engine Construction & Support Systems
• Cost of Diesel Power
• Environmental Impact & Risks

Price: 30 USD

Oil Thermal

The file (1.21 MB) will cover the following topics:

Oil Thermal Energy

“Rock oil” was discovered in Pennsylvania in 1859 by a man drilling for water

Crude oil accounts for 40% of energy use worldwide: 3% of power comes from oil, 16% from natural gas.

High energy density, 43 MJ/kg (18,600 Btu/lb), and relatively clean burning, versatile.

Topics – Oil Thermal

• Oil & Gas Resource: Origin, Reserves, Extraction Rate, Life Time
• Properties of Liquid Fuels, Fuel Oils and Natural Gas
• Basic Principle of Oil-Gas Thermal Plant
• Ideal and Modified Rankine (Steam) Cycle Efficiency, Heat Rates
• Oil-Gas Burners (Circular, S-type, Reduced NOx)
• Reducing NOx Emissions (FGR, LEA, 2-stage air, Re-burning)
• Emissions from Power Plants
• Pollution Control Technologies used in Power Generation
• Cost of Power Generation (Capital, O&M, Levelized)
• Oil-Thermal and Diesel Plants in the Philippines
• Environmental Impact & Risks

Price: 42 USD

Ocean Energy

The file (657 KB) will cover the following topics:

OCEAN ENERGY

Wave energy – winds generate large ocean waves that can be used to generate power from its potential and kinetic energy.

Ocean temperature energy conversion (OTEC) – temperature gradient between the surface and bottom of the ocean can be utilized in a heat engine to generate power

Tidal energy – caused by lunar and solar gravitational forces acting together with that from the earth on the ocean waters to create tidal flows manifested by the rise and fall of waters that vary daily and seasonally from a few centimeters up to 8-10 meters in some parts of the world. The potential energy of the tides is tapped to generate power.

Topics – Ocean Energy

• Ocean Energy
• Energy from Oceans (OTEC, Wave, Hydro, Tidal)
• Efficiency & Types of OTEC (Open, Closed, Hybrid)
• Ocean Waves: Potential, Progressive Wave Motion, Power Density
• Devices that Convert Ocean Wave to Energy
• Ocean Wave Power Plants
• Tidal Energy, Its Potential
• Types of Tidal Power Plants (Single-Pool, Modulated, Two-Pool)
• Tidal Energy Power Plants
• Cost of Ocean & Tidal Power
• Benefits from Ocean & Tidal Energy
• Environmental Impact & Risks

Price: 26 USD

Nuclear Energy

The file (781 KB) will cover the following topics:

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear power – most controversial of all forms of power generation

Operating principle – Controlled nuclear fission in a reactor using uranium as fuel produces heat, which is captured to produce steam. The steam is used to drive a steam turbine, which in turn drives an electric generator.

Topics – Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear Energy, Its Uses and History
• Nuclear Power Capacity and Power Generation
• Fundamentals of Nuclear Power
• Types of Nuclear Reactors
• BWR, PWR, AGR, HTGR, Breeder, GT-MHR
• Cost of Nuclear Power
• Environmental Considerations
• Risks

Price: 70 USD

Near-Term Energy Sources

The file (576 KB) will cover the following topics:

NOT YET COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FUEL CYCLES
Near Term (within 20 years)

• Coal Direct Liquefaction
• Coal Indirect Liquefaction
• Coal Pyrolysis
• Petrothermal – Hot Dry Rock

Price: 70 USD

Long Term Energy Fuel Cycles

The file (373 KB) will cover the following topics:

NOT YET COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FUEL CYCLES
Long Term (20 – 50 years)

• Nuclear Fission
• Oil Shale
• Nuclear Fusion
• Hydrogen
• Petrothermal – Magma

Price: 70 USD

Hydrogen Energy

The file (91 KB) will cover the following topics:

HYDROGEN ENERGY

Hydrogen – 3rd most abundant element on earth’s surface; found primarily in water [H2O] and organic compounds and generally produced from hydrocarbons thru reforming and water thru electrolysis.

When burned as fuel or converted to electricity, it joins with oxygen [O2] again to form water.

Price: 20 USD

Hydro Power

The file (633 KB) will cover the following topics:

Hydro Power

Flowing water creates energy that can be stored, captured and turned into electricity. Hydropower is the world’s most important renewable energy source. It provides 7.2% of world’s primary energy and 18.5% of electric power generation.

Price: 26 USD

History of Power Generation

The file (549 KB) will cover the following topics:

HISTORY OF POWER GENERATION

• 1878 - Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison independently invented the carbon filament that produced light from electricity – incandescent lamp.
• 1879 – Thomas Edison founded the electric company, his greatest achievement – “Edison Electric Light Station”.
• 1882 – Carl de Laval invented steam turbine that drove electric generators more efficiently than earlier reciprocating steam engines. Coal then oil was used.
• 1884 – Charles Parsons constructs the first practical steam turbine electric generator to be driven by fuel-burning power plants in the electric power industry.
• 1895 – Niagara Falls – world’s first large-scale central generating station transmitts power 20 miles away to Buffalo and it employed 2-phase AC techniques of Nikola Tesla.
• 1905 - Albert Einstein publishes his “Theory of Relativity” and the equation E = m c2, foundation of nuclear power.
• 1907 – a new material called tungsten was used to replace carbon strips of bamboo as filament in the incandescent lamps

Other inventions that used electricity – electric trams and railways for urban transport, telephone and telegraph, phonograph, radio and television, incandescent and fluorescent lighting, electric motors and electric heating, refrigeration and air conditioning, computers and electronics – accelerated the need for larger and reliable generating plants.

Price: 11 USD

Geothermal Energy

The file (689 KB) will cover the following topics:

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

• heat (thermal) from the earth (geo)
• thermal energy in the rock and fluid that fills fractures and pores within the rock in the earth’s crust.

The earth’s initial energy from its molten state is sustained thru energy input from the sun and radioactive decay deep within the earth.

Price: 28 USD

Generation of Electricity

The file (3.22 MB) will cover the following topics:

Electricity

Electricity – most sophisticated form of energy in use in the world today
Primary way to meet growing demand – build power plants or repower old plants to raise capacity

Electricity is the flow of electrons (current) when an energy potential (voltage) is applied.

Generation of Electricity

• How is electricity generated?
• Three types of materials
• How does an electric field look?
• Electric energy potential
• Electric potential & current
• Right hand rule
• Electromotive force emf
• Electric motors
• Principle of electric generator
• How is mechanical energy produced?

Price: 64 USD

Fuel Cells

The file (566 KB) will cover the following topics:

FUEL CELLS

Fuel Cell: an electrochemical device, closely related to the battery, that can generate electricity from hydrogen, which in turn can be extracted from natural gas or other hydrocarbon gases through a chemical process called reforming.

Topics – Fuel Cells

• Fuel Cells, Its Uses and History
• Fuel Cell Principle, Characteristics, Operating Conditions
• Fuel Cell Concept for Power, Heat & Water
• Balance of Plant Equipment
• Fuel Cell Process Diagram, Hydrogen Gas Reformation
• Types of Fuel Cells (AFC, PAFC, PEM, MCFC, SOFC)
• Advanced Fuel Cell Technologies (CHP, Hybrid FC-GT-IGCC)
• Cost of Fuel Cells
• Fuel Cell Applications, Advantages
• Environmental Impact & Risks

History of Fuel Cel

• Hydrolysis – if an electrical voltage is applied to water by placing two electrodes into the liquid and attaching a battery to them, the voltage induces a chemical reaction: hydrogen is produced at one electrode and oxygen at the other
• 1839 – Sir William Grove observed that the process known as “hydrolysis” can also go backwards – hydrogen will react at one electrode and oxygen at the other producing water and an electrical voltage between the electrodes. It was only a century later that Francis Bacon began to develop practical fuel cells.
• 1950s – Pratt and Whitney (now United Technologies) licensed Bacon’s technology and developed it for the US space program. The Gemini, Apollo and space shuttle program all used fuel cells to generate electricity and produce drinking water on-board by just bringing hydrogen fuel and oxygen with them.

Fuel Cell Principle

• If an electrical voltage is applied on water, by placing two electrodes into the liquid and attaching a DC battery to them, the voltage induces a chemical reaction; hydrogen and oxygen is produced at each electrode:
  

H2O + DC voltage è H2 + O2

• In 1839, Sir William Grove observed this process, known as hydrolysis, can also go backwards – reversible. Hydrogen will react at one electrode and oxygen at the other, producing water and DC electrical voltage between the electrodes.
• During reverse hydrolysis, hydrogen would act at one electrode and oxygen at the other, producing water, heat and electrical voltage (DC) between the electrodes.
  

Fuel (H2) + O2 + platinum catalyst è H20 + DC voltage

Fuel Cell Characteristics

• Operates as a continuous battery – continuous fueling
• Never needs recharging
• Based on reverse hydrolysis – converts hydrogen and oxygen into water and electricity
• Current depends on electrode area
• Voltage depends on materials of construction, typically less than 1 volt.

Balance of Plant Equipment

• Power-conditioning equipment needed are expensive
• Fuel processing comprises a large part of cost and project development.
• The front-end processing and fuel cell technology is affected by the fuel and application: Hydrogen, Natural gas, Methanol, Gasoline, Biomass, Coal

Price: 30 USD

Cost of Power Generation Technologies

The file (129 KB) will cover the following topics:

Type of power plant, Commercial Capacity, Overnight Capital Cost, Fixed O&M ($/kW/yr), Variable O&M (cents/kWh), Thermal Efficiency or Plant Heat Rate, Availability Factor, Load Factor, Construction Lead Time, Economic Life, Fuel Cost ($/GJ), Levelized Cost of Electricity ($/kWh).

Power Generation Technologies:

• Oil – Gas Thermal
• Reciprocating / Piston Engine
• Small or High-Speed
• Medium Speed
• Large or Slow Speed
• Combined Cycle – Waste Heat Boiler
• Natural Gas – Simple GT
• Aero-Derivative GT
• With Recuperation
• Humid Air Turbine (HAT)
• Cascaded Humid Air Turbine (CHAT)
• Heavy Frame GT
• Natural Gas – Combined Cycle GT
• Coal – Pulverized
• Atmospheric CFB
• Pressurized FBC
• IGCC
• IGHAT
• Direct Coal-Fired Combined Cycle (DCCC)
• Super critical & Ultra-Super critical Coal Comb.
• Geothermal
• Dry Steam (Vapor)
• Flashed Steam (Single, Double)
• Binary Cycle
• Petrothermal (Hot Dry Rock)
• Geothermal Preheat
• Fossil Superheat
• Nuclear Fission
• Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), advanced
• Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
• Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
• Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor (AGR)
• Candu Reactor
• High Temp. Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR)
• Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR)
• Breeder Reactors
• Nuclear Fusion
• Hydro
• Large
• Pelton Turbine – 50-6,000 ft head
• Francis Turbine – 10-2,000 ft head
• Propeller Turbine – 10 – 300 ft head
• Kaplan Turbine
• Small / Mini
• Micro
• Pumped Hydro
• Wind
• Solar PV
• Crystalline silicon
• Thin film – Amorphous Silicon
• Thin film – Indium Diselenide
• Flat Plate
• High Efficiency Multi Junction – IHCPV
• Solar Thermal
• Trough
• Tower
• Dish
• Salt Pond (power + water)
• Biomass
• Direct Combustion
• Co-firing with Coal
• Biomass Gasification (BIGCC)
• Municipal Waste
• Pyrolysis
• Landfill Gas (40 – 60% CH4)
• Anaerobic Digestion (65% CH4)
• Sewage Digestion
• Fuel Cells
• Alkaline (AFC)
• Phosphoric Acid (PAFC)
• Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)
• Direct Methanol
• Molten Carbonate (MCFC)
• Solid Oxide-GT (SOFC)
• Solid Oxide-GT (SOFC-GT)
• Energy Storage:
• Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) – Huntorf
• Large CAES
• Small CAES
• Above Ground CAES
• Flywheel Systems
• Utility Scale Batteries (USB)
• Lead acid
• Advanced
• Stored Hydrogen
• Superconduction Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
• Ultracapacitors
• Ocean Thermal
• Claude (open cycle)
• Controlled Flash Evaporation (open)
• Anderson (closed cycle)
• Ocean Wave
• Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
• Hydraulic Accumulator
• High Level Reservoir
• Float or Pitching Devices
• Wave Surge or Focusing (“tapchan”)
• Pendulor
• Tidal Power
• Single Pool
• Modulated Single Pool w/ Pumped Hydro
• Two Pool

Price: 30 USD